1. Getting Started
The SQLite project provides a simple command-line program named sqlite3 (or sqlite3.exe on Windows) that allows the user to manually enter and execute SQL statements against an SQLite database. This document provides a brief introduction on how to use the sqlite3 program.Start the sqlite3 program by typing "sqlite3" at the command prompt, optionally followed by the name the file that holds the SQLite database. If the named file does not exist, a new database file with the given name will be created automatically. If no database file is specified on the command-line, a temporary database is created, then deleted when the "sqlite3" program exits.
On startup, the sqlite3 program will show a brief banner message then prompt you to enter SQL. Type in SQL statements (terminated by a semicolon), press "Enter" and the SQL will be executed.
For example, to create a new SQLite database named "ex1" with a single table named "tbl1", you might do this:
$ sqlite3 ex1
SQLite version 3.8.5 2014-05-29 12:36:14
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> create table tbl1(one varchar(10), two smallint);
sqlite> insert into tbl1 values('hello!',10);
sqlite> insert into tbl1 values('goodbye', 20);
sqlite> select * from tbl1;
hello!|10
goodbye|20
sqlite>
Make sure you type a semicolon at the end of each SQL command! The sqlite3 program looks for a semicolon to know when your SQL command is complete. If you omit the semicolon, sqlite3 will give you a continuation prompt and wait for you to enter more text to be added to the current SQL command. This feature allows you to enter SQL commands that span multiple lines. For example:
sqlite> CREATE TABLE tbl2 ( ...> f1 varchar(30) primary key, ...> f2 text, ...> f3 real ...> ); sqlite>
2. Double-click Startup On Windows
Windows users can double-click on the sqlite3.exe icon to cause the command-line shell to pop-up a terminal window running SQLite. However, because double-clicking starts the sqlite3.exe without command-line arguments, no database file will have been specified, so SQLite will use a temporary database that is deleted when the session exits. To use a persistent disk file as the database, enter the ".open" command immediately after the terminal window starts up:SQLite version 3.8.5 2014-05-29 12:36:14 Enter ".help" for usage hints. Connected to a transient in-memory database. Use ".open FILENAME" to reopen on a persistent database. sqlite> .open ex1.db sqlite>
Alternatively, you can create a new database using the default temporary storage, then save that database into a disk file using the ".save" command:
SQLite version 3.16.0 2016-12-29 19:48:46 Enter ".help" for usage hints. Connected to a transient in-memory database. Use ".open FILENAME" to reopen on a persistent database. sqlite> ... many SQL commands omitted ... sqlite> .save ex1.db sqlite>
3. Special commands to sqlite3 (dot-commands)
Most of the time, sqlite3 just reads lines of input and passes them on to the SQLite library for execution. But input lines that begin with a dot (".") are intercepted and interpreted by the sqlite3 program itself. These "dot commands" are typically used to change the output format of queries, or to execute certain prepackaged query statements.For a listing of the available dot commands, you can enter ".help" with no arguments. Or enter ".help TOPIC" for detailed information about TOPIC. The list of available dot-commands follows:
sqlite> .help .archive ... Manage SQL archives .auth ON|OFF Show authorizer callbacks .backup ?DB? FILE Backup DB (default "main") to FILE .bail on|off Stop after hitting an error. Default OFF .binary on|off Turn binary output on or off. Default OFF .cd DIRECTORY Change the working directory to DIRECTORY .changes on|off Show number of rows changed by SQL .check GLOB Fail if output since .testcase does not match .clone NEWDB Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database .databases List names and files of attached databases .dbconfig ?op? ?val? List or change sqlite3_db_config() options .dbinfo ?DB? Show status information about the database .dump ?TABLE? ... Render all database content as SQL .echo on|off Turn command echo on or off .eqp on|off|full Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN .excel Display the output of next command in a spreadsheet .exit ?CODE? Exit this program with return-code CODE .expert EXPERIMENTAL. Suggest indexes for specified queries .fullschema ?--indent? Show schema and the content of sqlite_stat tables .headers on|off Turn display of headers on or off .help ?-all? ?PATTERN? Show help text for PATTERN .import FILE TABLE Import data from FILE into TABLE .imposter INDEX TABLE Create imposter table TABLE on index INDEX .indexes ?TABLE? Show names of indexes .iotrace FILE Enable I/O diagnostic logging to FILE .limit ?LIMIT? ?VAL? Display or change the value of an SQLITE_LIMIT .lint OPTIONS Report potential schema issues. .load FILE ?ENTRY? Load an extension library .log FILE|off Turn logging on or off. FILE can be stderr/stdout .mode MODE ?TABLE? Set output mode .nullvalue STRING Use STRING in place of NULL values .once (-e|-x|FILE) Output for the next SQL command only to FILE .open ?OPTIONS? ?FILE? Close existing database and reopen FILE .output ?FILE? Send output to FILE or stdout if FILE is omitted .print STRING... Print literal STRING .prompt MAIN CONTINUE Replace the standard prompts .quit Exit this program .read FILE Read input from FILE .restore ?DB? FILE Restore content of DB (default "main") from FILE .save FILE Write in-memory database into FILE .scanstats on|off Turn sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus() metrics on or off .schema ?PATTERN? Show the CREATE statements matching PATTERN .selftest ?OPTIONS? Run tests defined in the SELFTEST table .separator COL ?ROW? Change the column and row separators .session ?NAME? CMD ... Create or control sessions .sha3sum ... Compute a SHA3 hash of database content .shell CMD ARGS... Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell .show Show the current values for various settings .stats ?on|off? Show stats or turn stats on or off .system CMD ARGS... Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell .tables ?TABLE? List names of tables matching LIKE pattern TABLE .testcase NAME Begin redirecting output to 'testcase-out.txt' .timeout MS Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds .timer on|off Turn SQL timer on or off .trace FILE|off Output each SQL statement as it is run .vfsinfo ?AUX? Information about the top-level VFS .vfslist List all available VFSes .vfsname ?AUX? Print the name of the VFS stack .width NUM1 NUM2 ... Set column widths for "column" mode sqlite>
4. Rules for "dot-commands"
Ordinary SQL statements are free-form, and can be spread across multiple lines, and can have whitespace and comments anywhere. Dot-commands are more restrictive:- A dot-command must begin with the "." at the left margin with no preceding whitespace.
- The dot-command must be entirely contained on a single input line.
- A dot-command cannot occur in the middle of an ordinary SQL statement. In other words, a dot-command cannot occur at a continuation prompt.
- Dot-commands do not recognize comments.
5. Changing Output Formats
The sqlite3 program is able to show the results of a query in eight different formats: "csv", "column", "html", "insert", "line", "list", "quote", "tabs", and "tcl". You can use the ".mode" dot command to switch between these output formats.The default output mode is "list". In list mode, each row of a query result is written on one line of output and each column within that row is separated by a specific separator string. The default separator is a pipe symbol ("|"). List mode is especially useful when you are going to send the output of a query to another program (such as AWK) for additional processing.
sqlite> .mode list sqlite> select * from tbl1; hello|10 goodbye|20 sqlite>
sqlite> .separator ", " sqlite> select * from tbl1; hello, 10 goodbye, 20 sqlite>
In "quote" mode, the output is formatted as SQL literals. Strings are enclosed in single-quotes and internal single-quotes are escaped by doubling. Blobs are displayed in hexadecimal blob literal notation (Ex: x'abcd'). Numbers are displayed as ASCII text and NULL values are shown as "NULL". All columns are separated from each other by a comma (or whatever alternative character is selected using ".separator").
sqlite> .mode quote sqlite> select * from tbl1; 'hello',10 'goodbye',20 sqlite>
sqlite> .mode line sqlite> select * from tbl1; one = hello two = 10 one = goodbye two = 20 sqlite>
sqlite> .mode column sqlite> select * from tbl1; one two ---------- ---------- hello 10 goodbye 20 sqlite>
sqlite> .width 12 6 sqlite> select * from tbl1; one two ------------ ------ hello 10 goodbye 20 sqlite>
If you specify a column a width of 0, then the column width is automatically adjusted to be the maximum of three numbers: 10, the width of the header, and the width of the first row of data. This makes the column width self-adjusting. The default width setting for every column is this auto-adjusting 0 value.
Use a negative column width for right-justified columns.
The column labels that appear on the first two lines of output can be turned on and off using the ".header" dot command. In the examples above, the column labels are on. To turn them off you could do this:
sqlite> .header off sqlite> select * from tbl1; hello 10 goodbye 20 sqlite>
When specifying insert mode, you have to give an extra argument which is the name of the table to be inserted into. For example:
sqlite> .mode insert new_table
sqlite> select * from tbl1;
INSERT INTO "new_table" VALUES('hello',10);
INSERT INTO "new_table" VALUES('goodbye',20);
sqlite>
6. Writing results to a file
By default, sqlite3 sends query results to standard output. You can change this using the ".output" and ".once" commands. Just put the name of an output file as an argument to .output and all subsequent query results will be written to that file. Or use the .once command instead of .output and output will only be redirected for the single next command before reverting to the console. Use .output with no arguments to begin writing to standard output again. For example:sqlite> .mode list sqlite> .separator | sqlite> .output test_file_1.txt sqlite> select * from tbl1; sqlite> .exit $ cat test_file_1.txt hello|10 goodbye|20 $
sqlite3> .once '|open -f' sqlite3> SELECT * FROM bigTable;
If the ".output" or ".once" commands have a "-x" argument, that causes them to accumulate output as Comma-Separated-Values (CSV) in a temporary file, then invoke the default system utility for viewing CSV files (usually a spreadsheet program) on the result. This is a quick way of sending the result of a query to a spreadsheet for easy viewing:
sqlite3> .once -x sqlite3> SELECT * FROM bigTable;
6.1. File I/O Functions
The command-line shell adds two application-defined SQL functions that facilitate reading content from a file into a table column, and writing the content of a column into a file, respectively.The readfile(X) SQL function reads the entire content of the file named X and returns that content as a BLOB. This can be used to load content into a table. For example:
sqlite> CREATE TABLE images(name TEXT, type TEXT, img BLOB);
sqlite> INSERT INTO images(name,type,img)
...> VALUES('icon','jpeg',readfile('icon.jpg'));
sqlite> SELECT writefile('icon.jpg',img) FROM images WHERE name='icon';
6.2. The edit() SQL function
The CLI has another build-in SQL function named edit(). Edit() takes one or two arguments. The first argument is a value - usually a large multi-line string to be edited. The second argument is the name of a text editor. If the second argument is omitted, the VISUAL environment variable is used. The edit() function writes its first argument into a temporary file, invokes the editor on the temporary file, rereads the file back into memory after the editor is done, then returns the edited text.The edit() function can be used to make changes to large text values. For example:
sqlite> UPDATE docs SET body=edit(body) WHERE name='report-15';
The default operation of edit() is to invoke a text editor. But by using an alternative edit program in the second argument, you can also get it to edit images or other non-text resources. For example, if you want to modify a JPEG image that happens to be stored in a field of a table, you could run:
sqlite> UPDATE pics SET img=edit(img,'gimp') WHERE id='pic-1542';
sqlite> SELECT length(edit(img,'gimp')) WHERE id='pic-1542';
7. Querying the database schema
The sqlite3 program provides several convenience commands that are useful for looking at the schema of the database. There is nothing that these commands do that cannot be done by some other means. These commands are provided purely as a shortcut.For example, to see a list of the tables in the database, you can enter ".tables".
sqlite> .tables tbl1 tbl2 sqlite>
SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'
ORDER BY 1
The ".indexes" command works in a similar way to list all of the indexes. If the ".indexes" command is given an argument which is the name of a table, then it shows just indexes on that table.
The ".schema" command shows the complete schema for the database, or for a single table if an optional tablename argument is provided:
sqlite> .schema create table tbl1(one varchar(10), two smallint) CREATE TABLE tbl2 ( f1 varchar(30) primary key, f2 text, f3 real ) sqlite> .schema tbl2 CREATE TABLE tbl2 ( f1 varchar(30) primary key, f2 text, f3 real ) sqlite>
SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master ORDER BY tbl_name, type DESC, name
sqlite> .schema main.*
The ".databases" command shows a list of all databases open in the current connection. There will always be at least 2. The first one is "main", the original database opened. The second is "temp", the database used for temporary tables. There may be additional databases listed for databases attached using the ATTACH statement. The first output column is the name the database is attached with, and the second column is the filename of the external file.
sqlite> .databases
8. CSV Import
Use the ".import" command to import CSV (comma separated value) data into an SQLite table. The ".import" command takes two arguments which are the name of the disk file from which CSV data is to be read and the name of the SQLite table into which the CSV data is to be inserted.Note that it is important to set the "mode" to "csv" before running the ".import" command. This is necessary to prevent the command-line shell from trying to interpret the input file text as some other format.
sqlite> .mode csv sqlite> .import C:/work/somedata.csv tab1
In the first case, when the table does not previously exist, the table is automatically created and the content of the first row of the input CSV file is used to determine the name of all the columns in the table. In other words, if the table does not previously exist, the first row of the CSV file is interpreted to be column names and the actual data starts on the second row of the CSV file.
For the second case, when the table already exists, every row of the CSV file, including the first row, is assumed to be actual content. If the CSV file contains an initial row of column labels, that row will be read as data and inserted into the table. To avoid this, make sure that table does not previously exist.
9. CSV Export
To export an SQLite table (or part of a table) as CSV, simply set the "mode" to "csv" and then run a query to extract the desired rows of the table.sqlite> .header on sqlite> .mode csv sqlite> .once c:/work/dataout.csv sqlite> SELECT * FROM tab1; sqlite> .system c:/work/dataout.csv
The line ".once FILENAME" causes all query output to go into the named file instead of being printed on the console. In the example above, that line causes the CSV content to be written into a file named "C:/work/dataout.csv".
The final line of the example (the ".system c:/work/dataout.csv") has the same effect as double-clicking on the c:/work/dataout.csv file in windows. This will typically bring up a spreadsheet program to display the CSV file.
That command only works as written on Windows. The equivalent line on a Mac would be:
sqlite> .system open dataout.csv
sqlite> .system xdg-open dataout.csv
9.1. Export to Excel
To simplify export to a spreadsheet, the CLI provides the ".excel" command which captures the output of a single query and sends that output to the default spreadsheet program on the host computer. Use it like this:sqlite> .excel sqlite> SELECT * FROM tab;
The ".excel" command is really an alias for ".once -x". The -x option to .once causes it to writes results as CSV into a temporary file that is named with a ".csv" suffix, then invoke the systems default handler for CSV files.
There is also a ".once -e" command which works similarly, except that it names the temporary file with a ".txt" suffix so that the default text editor for the system will be invoked, instead of the default spreadsheet.
10. Converting An Entire Database To An ASCII Text File
Use the ".dump" command to convert the entire contents of a database into a single ASCII text file. This file can be converted back into a database by piping it back into sqlite3.A good way to make an archival copy of a database is this:
$ sqlite3 ex1 .dump | gzip -c >ex1.dump.gz
$ zcat ex1.dump.gz | sqlite3 ex2
$ createdb ex2 $ sqlite3 ex1 .dump | psql ex2
11. Loading Extensions
You can add new custom application-defined SQL functions, collating sequences, virtual tables, and VFSes to the command-line shell at run-time using the ".load" command. First, convert the extension in to a DLL or shared library (as described in the Run-Time Loadable Extensions document) then type:sqlite> .load /path/to/my_extension
SQLite computes the entry point for the extension based on the extension filename. To override this choice, simply add the name of the extension as a second argument to the ".load" command.
Source code for several useful extensions can be found in the ext/misc subdirectory of the SQLite source tree. You can use these extensions as-is, or as a basis for creating your own custom extensions to address your own particular needs.
12. Cryptographic Hashes Of Database Content
The ".sha3sum" dot-command computes a SHA3 hash of the content of the database. To be clear, the hash is computed over the database content, not its representation on disk. This means, for example, that a VACUUM or similar data-preserving transformation does not change the hash.The ".sha3sum" command supports options "--sha3-224", "--sha3-256", "--sha3-384", and "--sha3-512" to define which variety of SHA3 to use for the hash. The default is SHA3-256.
The database schema (in the sqlite_master table) is not normally included in the hash, but can be added by the "--schema" option.
The ".sha3sum" command takes a single optional argument which is a LIKE pattern. If this option is present, only tables whose names match the LIKE pattern will be hashed.
The ".sha3sum" command is implemented with the help of the extension function "sha3_query()" that is included with the command-line shell.
13. Database Content Self-Tests
The ".selftest" command attempts to verify that a database is intact and is not corrupt. The .selftest command looks for a table in schema named "selftest" and defined as follows:CREATE TABLE selftest( tno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, -- Test number op TEXT, -- 'run' or 'memo' cmd TEXT, -- SQL command to run, or text of "memo" ans TEXT -- Expected result of the SQL command );
If there is no selftest table, the ".selftest" command runs PRAGMA integrity_check.
The ".selftest --init" command creates the selftest table if it does not already exists, then appends entries that check the SHA3 hash of the content of all tables. Subsequent runs of ".selftest" will verify that the database has not been changed in any way. To generates tests to verify that a subset of the tables are unchanged, simply run ".selftest --init" then DELETE the selftest rows that refer to tables that are not constant.
14. SQLite Archive Support
The ".archive" dot-command and the "-A" command-line option provide built-in support for the SQLite Archive format. The interface is similar to that of the "tar" command on unix systems. Each invocation of the ".ar" command must specify a single command option. The following commands are available for ".archive":| Option | Long Option | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| -c | --create | Create a new archive containing specified files. |
| -x | --extract | Extract specified files from archive. |
| -t | --list | List the files in the archive. |
| -u | --update | Add files to existing archive. |
| Option | Long Option | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| -v | --verbose | List each file as it is processed. |
| -f FILE | --file FILE | If specified, use file FILE as the archive. Otherwise, assume that the current "main" database is the archive to be operated on. |
| -a FILE | --append FILE | Like --file, use file FILE as the archive, but open the file using the apndvfs VFS so that the archive will be appended to the end of FILE if FILE already exists. |
| -C DIR | --directory DIR | If specified, interpret all relative paths as relative to DIR, instead of the current working directory. |
| -n | --dryrun | Show the SQL that would be run to carry out the archive operation, but do not actually change anything. |
| -- | -- | All subsequent command line words are command arguments, not options. |
sqlite3 new_archive.db -Acv file1 file2 file3 sqlite3 new_archive.db ".ar -cv file1 file2 file3"
-- Two ways to create a new archive named "new_archive.db" containing -- files "file1", "file2" and "file3". .ar -c --file new_archive.db file1 file2 file3 .ar -f new_archive.db --create file1 file2 file3
-- Create a new archive "new_archive.db" containing files "file1" and -- "file2" from directory "dir1". .ar cCf dir1 new_archive.db file1 file2 file3
14.1. SQLite Archive Create Command
Create a new archive, overwriting any existing archive (either in the current "main" db or in the file specified by a --file option). Each argument following the options is a file to add to the archive. Directories are imported recursively. See above for examples.14.2. SQLite Archive Extract Command
Extract files from the archive (either to the current working directory or to the directory specified by a --directory option). If there are no arguments following the options all files are extracted from the archive. Or, if there are arguments, they are the names of files to extract from the archive. Any specified directories are extracted recursively. It is an error if any specified files are not part of the archive.-- Extract all files from the archive in the current "main" db to the -- current working directory. List files as they are extracted. .ar --extract --verbose -- Extract file "file1" from archive "ar.db" to directory "dir1". .ar fCx ar.db dir1 file1
14.3. SQLite Archive List Command
List the contents of the archive. If no arguments are specified, then all files are listed. Otherwise, only those specified as arguments are. Currently, the --verbose option does not change the behaviour of this command. That may change in the future.-- List contents of archive in current "main" db.. .ar --list
14.4. SQLite Archive Update Command
This command works the same way as the --create command, except that it does not delete the current archive before commencing. New versions of files silently replace existing files with the same names, but otherwise the initial contents of the archive (if any) remain intact.14.5. Operations On ZIP Archives
If FILE is a ZIP archive rather than an SQLite Archive, the ".archive" command and the "-A" command-line option still work. This is accomplished using of the zipfile extension. Hence, the following commands are roughly equivalent, differing only in output formatting:| Traditional Command | Equivalent sqlite3.exe Command |
|---|---|
| unzip archive.zip | sqlite3 -Axf archive.zip |
| unzip -l archive.zip | sqlite3 -Atvf archive.zip |
| zip -r archive2.zip dir | sqlite3 -Acf archive2.zip dir |
14.6. SQL Used To Implement SQLite Archive Operations
The various SQLite Archive Archive commands are implemented using SQL statements. Application developers can easily add SQLite Archive Archive reading and writing support to their own projects by running the appropriate SQL.To see what SQL statements are used to implement an SQLite Archive operation, add the --dryrun or -n option. This causes the SQL to be displayed but inhibits the execution of the SQL.
The SQL statements used to implement SQLite Archive operations make use of various loadable extensions. These extensions are all available in the SQLite source tree in the ext/misc/ subfolder. The extensions needed for full SQLite Archive support include:
- fileio.c — This extension adds SQL functions readfile() and writefile() for reading and writing content from files on disk. The fileio.c extension also includes fsdir() table-valued function for listing the contents of a directory and the lsname() function for converting numeric st_mode integers from the stat() system call into human-readable strings after the fashion of the "ls -l" command.
- sqlar.c — This extension adds the sqlar_compress() and sqlar_uncompress() functions that are needed to compress and uncompress file content as it is insert and extracted from an SQLite Archive.
- zipfile.c — This extension implements the "zipfile(FILE)" table-valued function which is used to read ZIP archives. This extension is only needed when reading ZIP archives instead of SQLite archives.
- appendvfs.c — This extension implements a new VFS that allows an SQLite database to be appended to some other file, such as an executable. This extension is only needed if the --append option to the .archive command is used.
15. Index Recommendations (SQLite Expert)
Note: This command is experimental. It may be removed or the interface modified in incompatible ways at some point in the future.For most non-trivial SQL databases, the key to performance is creating the right SQL indexes. In this context "the right SQL indexes" means those that cause the queries that an application needs to optimize run fast. The ".expert" command can assist with this by proposing indexes that might assist with specific queries, were they present in the database.
The ".expert" command is issued first, followed by the SQL query on a separate line. For example, consider the following session:
sqlite> CREATE TABLE x1(a, b, c); -- Create table in database sqlite> .expert sqlite> SELECT * FROM x1 WHERE a=? AND b>?; -- Analyze this SELECT CREATE INDEX x1_idx_000123a7 ON x1(a, b); 0|0|0|SEARCH TABLE x1 USING INDEX x1_idx_000123a7 (a=? AND b>?) sqlite> CREATE INDEX x1ab ON x1(a, b); -- Create the recommended index sqlite> .expert sqlite> SELECT * FROM x1 WHERE a=? AND b>?; -- Re-analyze the same SELECT (no new indexes) 0|0|0|SEARCH TABLE x1 USING INDEX x1ab (a=? AND b>?)
The ".expert" command accepts the following options:
| Option | Purpose |
|---|---|
| --verbose | If present, output a more verbose report for each query analyzed. |
| --sample PERCENT | By default, the ".expert" command recommends indexes based on the query and database schema alone. This is similar to the way the SQLite query planner selects indexes for queries if the user has not run the ANALYZE command on the database to generate data distribution statistics.
If this option is passed a non-zero argument, the ".expert" command generates similar data distribution statistics for all indexes considered based on PERCENT percent of the rows currently stored in each database table. For databases with unusual data distributions, this may lead to better index recommendations, particularly if the application intends to run ANALYZE.
For small databases and modern CPUs, there is usually no reason not to pass "--sample 100". However, gathering data distribution statistics can be expensive for large database tables. If the operation is too slow, try passing a smaller value for the --sample option.
|
16. Other Dot Commands
There are many other dot-commands available in the command-line shell. See the ".help" command for a complete list for any particular version and build of SQLite.17. Using sqlite3 in a shell script
One way to use sqlite3 in a shell script is to use "echo" or "cat" to generate a sequence of commands in a file, then invoke sqlite3 while redirecting input from the generated command file. This works fine and is appropriate in many circumstances. But as an added convenience, sqlite3 allows a single SQL command to be entered on the command line as a second argument after the database name. When the sqlite3 program is launched with two arguments, the second argument is passed to the SQLite library for processing, the query results are printed on standard output in list mode, and the program exits. This mechanism is designed to make sqlite3 easy to use in conjunction with programs like "awk". For example:$ sqlite3 ex1 'select * from tbl1' |
> awk '{printf "<tr><td>%s<td>%s\n",$1,$2 }'
<tr><td>hello<td>10
<tr><td>goodbye<td>20
$
18. Ending shell commands
SQLite commands are normally terminated by a semicolon. In the shell you can also use the word "GO" (case-insensitive) or a slash character "/" on a line by itself to end a command. These are used by SQL Server and Oracle, respectively. These won't work in sqlite3_exec(), because the shell translates these into a semicolon before passing them to that function.19. Compiling the sqlite3 program from sources
To compile the command-line shell on unix systems and on Windows with MinGW, the usual configure-make command works:sh configure; make
A working zlib compression library is needed in order for the .archive command to operate.
On Windows with MSVC, use nmake with the Makefile.msc:
nmake /f Makefile.msc
nmake /f Makefile.msc USE_ZLIB=1
19.1. Do-It-Yourself Builds
The source code to the sqlite3 command line interface is in a single file named "shell.c". The shell.c source file is generated from other sources, but most of the code for shell.c can be found in src/shell.c.in. (Regenerate shell.c by typing "make shell.c" from the canonical source tree.) Compile the shell.c file (together with the sqlite3 library source code) to generate the executable. For example:gcc -o sqlite3 shell.c sqlite3.c -ldl -lpthread -lz -lm
- -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=0
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
- -DSQLITE_HAVE_ZLIB
- -DSQLITE_INTROSPECTION_PRAGMAS
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_OFFSET_SQL_FUNC
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4
- -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5
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